What is a chemical bond?
A chemical bond is any interaction that causes the association of atoms to form molecules, ions, crystals, and any other stable species.
How does bond length relate to bond strength?
Usually, the shorter the length of the chemical bond, the stronger the bond. A longer bond usually results in a weaker chemical bond than a shorter bond.
What is electronegativity?
Electronegativity is a chemical property of an atom that describes the tendency of that atom (or in some cases a functional group of atoms) to attract electrons. Electronegativity is a relative scale with “0” being no attraction for electrons and “4.0” being the greatest attraction for electrons.
What is bond character?
Bond character describes how much of a chemical bond is either ionic or covalent in nature. Bond character is impacted by the bond length and the difference in electronegativity of the bonding atoms.
What is electron or charge density?
Electron density is a measure of the likelihood of an electron being located at a given point in space in a molecule or ionic species.
What is a partial charge?
Partial charges are non-integer values measured in elementary charge units, such as the charge on an electron. These fractional charges result from the unequal distribution of electrons in a chemical bond of polar species. The “δ+” symbol represents a partial positive charge, while the “δ-” symbol represents a partial negative charge.
How does a permanent charge differ from a temporary charge?
A permanent charge is the result of one atom completely transferring or sharing one or more electrons to another atom based on the two atom’s differences in electronegativities. A temporary charge is the result of an induced dipole that distributes the electrons unevenly throughout a species.
What is the electrostatic potential of bonded species?
The electrostatic potential of a bonded species is based on the amount of work required to move a charge from one point to another point in an electrical field.
What is an intramolecular force of attraction?
Intramolecular forces are the attractive forces that hold two or more atoms together to form a molecule. This force is commonly referred to as a chemical bond.
What is an ionic bond?
An ionic bond is characterized by the complete transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another atom resulting in a permanent charge distribution with one atom having a positive elementary charge and one atom having a negative elementary charge. This electrostatic potential attracts the oppositely charged species.
What is a polar covalent bond?
A polar covalent bond is an interaction between two or more atoms in which electrons are shared unequally between the interacting species. This bond is due to differences in electronegativity values of the interacting species and results in a dipole moment in the molecule.
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
A nonpolar covalent bond is an interaction between two or more atoms in which electrons are shared equally between the interacting species. This bond is due to no differences in electronegativity values of the interacting species and does not result in a dipole moment in the molecule.
What is a metallic bond?
A metallic bond is a bond between metal atoms in which free electrons are shared among the lattice of positively charged atoms. The electrons are free to move between and among the atoms within the lattice work. Metallic bonds are typically the strongest intramolecular force of attraction.
What is an intermolecular force of attraction?
Intermolecular forces are the attractive forces that connect and hold together two or more molecules, ions, or other stable species.
What is an ion-ion interaction?
An ion-ion interaction is the result of one ion with a positive charge being attracted to another ion with a negative charge. The result of this interaction is referred to as an ionic bond.
What is an ion-dipole interaction?
An ion-dipole interaction is the result of an ionic species being attracted to the oppositely, partially charged end of a polar molecule. The ion induces the polar molecule to further separate the partial charges between the ends of the molecule, thus increasing the level of attraction between that ion with a full elementary charge and the partial charge on the molecule.
What is a dipole-dipole interaction?
A dipole-dipole interaction results when the positive end of one polar molecule (permanent dipole) is attracted to the negative end of a different polar molecule (another permanent dipole). The interaction also results when the positive end of one polar molecule repels the positive end of another polar molecule. These interactions are typically weaker than ion-dipole interactions.
What is the dipole moment?
The dipole moment of a bonded species is a measure of the size of the charge separation in the species. Dipole moments can occur between the atoms in a covalent bond or between the ions in an ionic bond.
What is a hydrogen bond?
A hydrogen bond is a special case of a dipole-dipole interaction between hydrogen atoms and direct connections with atoms having large electronegativity values. These atoms are fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen. This special case interaction usually results in a stronger intermolecular force of attraction than a typical dipole-dipole interaction.
What is a London Dispersion Force?
London Dispersion (also called Van der Waals) forces are present between all species, including atoms, molecules, and ions. These forces arise from the temporary dipole that can be created by unequal charge distribution, especially in species with many electrons. The London Dispersion forces are the weakest of the intermolecular forces of attraction.
What is the van Arkel-Ketelaar Triangle of Bonding?
The van Arkel-Ketelaar triangle of bonding is a graphical tool for predicting the type of intramolecular and intermolecular forces of attraction between bonded species. The triangle indicates the degree of bond character based on electronegativity values of the bonding species.
What is the atomic radius of an atom?
The atomic radius of an atom is defined as the distance from the nucleus of an atom to the outermost orbital of the electron cloud.
Several different forces of attraction exist between atoms and molecules. In this investigation, you’ll differentiate between intramolecular and intermolecular forces of attraction. Get started now investigating attractions.
